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Rudolf Ivanovich Abel ((ロシア語:Рудольф Иванович Абель)), real name Vilyam "Willie" Genrikhovich Fisher (Вильям "Вилли" Генрихович Фишер) (July 11, 1903 – November 15, 1971) was a Soviet intelligence officer. He adopted his alias when arrested on charges of conspiracy by FBI agents in 1957. Born in the United Kingdom to Russian émigré parents, Fisher moved to Russia in the 1920s and served in the Soviet military before undertaking foreign service as a radio operator in Soviet intelligence in the late 1920s and early 1930s. He later served in an instructional role before taking part in intelligence operations against the Germans during World War II. After the war, Fisher began working for the KGB, which sent him to the United States where he worked as part of a spy ring based in New York City. In 1957, for his involvement in what became known as the Hollow Nickel Case, the U.S. Federal Court in New York convicted Fisher on three counts of conspiracy as a Soviet spy and sentenced him to 30 years' imprisonment at Atlanta Federal Penitentiary, Georgia.〔Whittell (2010), p. 109.〕 Fisher served just over four years of his sentence before he was exchanged for captured American U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers. Back in the Soviet Union, he lectured on his experiences before dying in 1971 at the age of 68. == Early life == Abel was born William August Fisher〔Arthey (2004), p. 73.〕 on July 11, 1903, in Benwell, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom,〔Whittell (2010), p. 9.〕 the second son of Heinrich and Lyubov Fisher. Revolutionaries of the Tsarist era, his parents were ethnic Germans from Russia.〔Whittell (2010), p. 9.〕 Fisher's father, a revolutionary activist, taught and agitated with Vladimir Lenin at Saint Petersburg Technological Institute.〔Whittell (2010), p. 9.〕 In 1896 he was arrested for sedition and sentenced to three years internal exile.〔Arthey (2004), p. 8.〕 As Heinrich Fisher had served a sentence for offences against the Russian state, he was forced to flee to the United Kingdom in 1901,〔Andrew (1999), p. 146.〕 the alternative being deportation to Germany or imprisonment in Russia for avoidance of military service.〔Arthey (2004), p. 11.〕 While living in the United Kingdom, Fisher's father, a keen Bolshevik, took part in gunrunning, shipping arms from the North East coast to the Baltic states to help the proletariat.〔Whittell (2010), p. 9.〕 Fisher and his brother, Henry,〔Whittell (2010), p. 10.〕 won scholarships to Whitley Bay High School and Monkseaton High School.〔Arthey (2004), p. 49.〕 Though Fisher was not as hard working as Henry, he showed aptitude for science, mathematics, languages, art and music, inherited in part from his father's abilities. Encouraging their son's love of music, Fisher's parents gave him piano lessons; he also learned to play the guitar.〔Arthey (2004), p. 50.〕 It was during this period that Fisher developed an interest in amateur radio, constructing rudimentary spark transmitters and receivers.〔Arthey (2004), pp. 75–76.〕 Fisher became an apprentice draughtsman at Swan Hunter, Wallsend, and attended evening classes at Rutherford College before being accepted into London University in 1920.〔Damaskin (2001), p. 137.〕〔Arthey (2004), p. 62.〕 Though Fisher qualified for university, the costs prohibited him from attending.〔Arthey (2004), p. 62.〕 In 1921, following the Russian Revolution, the Fisher family left Newcastle upon Tyne to return to Moscow.〔Arthey (2004), p. 63.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Rudolf Abel」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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